Scaffolds

A scaffold is any temporary elevated platform and its supporting structure
used for supporting people, or materials, or both. Scaffolds provide access
to elevated work areas in a way that cannot be done safely by other
means. Scaffolding is used in a variety of applications in new construction,
renovation, maintenance, painting, etc. Scaffolds provide a safe and more
comfortable work alternative than hanging from the top or working from
ladders. Properly erected and maintained, scaffolding provides safe access
to work locations, level working platforms, and temporary storage for tools
and materials.
According to a recent study done by West Virginia University, accidents
involving scaffolding are caused mainly by equipment failure, incorrect
operating procedures, and environmental conditions; which cause both
people and material to fall. The primary factors in accidents include failure
of attachment points, parts failure, inadequate fall protection, and adverse
climate conditions (such as high winds). Eighty percent of all scaffold
injuries are related to falls; of those injured, 60% involve skilled trades,
and 24% are laborers.
Since most scaffold accidents are related to equipment and operations, it’s
important that the people who use scaffolds receive training in their proper
erection, inspection, maintenance, and use. The competent persons should
receive additional training in scaffold selection, site conditions, hazard
recognition, and protection of ground employees and the general public.
Fall protection should be required for employees when they erect, dismantle,
or make alterations to scaffold systems. Many serious falls occur during these
operations because the scaffolds are incomplete (and therefore, unstable).
Standard rails are required on all scaffold platforms. Be sure that guard rails
are removed only during on- or off-loading of materials, and be sure they are
replaced immediately. Ensure that people who are working on the scaffold(s)
during the time the guard rails have been removed wear fall protection.
Inspect scaffolds prior to erection, noting condition and any defects. Reject
any defective parts from use until they have been properly repaired. Once a
scaffold is erected, be sure to inspect it before each work shift, after any
modifications are made, and especially after any change in weather conditions.
After each inspection, note the time, date and the competent person’s
name into the job’s daily work log. Provide overhead protection for people
who are exposed to overhead hazards while they are working on scaffold(s).
If people will be passing or working under the scaffold, provide them with
adequate protection against falling objects.Scaffolds are a cost-effective and safe method for providing
temporary elevated work areas if they are in good repair,
properly erected, properly maintained, and used within their
design limits. Education and training will minimize many of
the problems associated with scaffolds.

Scissor Lifts

Scissors lifts are an efficient and safe method of providing a temporary
elevated work platform for many constructions operations. However, if these
lifts are not maintained or used properly, accidents can occur. Every year in
the United States, about 190 people become construction fatalities due to
improper use of scaffolds. Falls, electrocution, and overturns of scissors lifts
are the leading causes of these senseless accidents.
All of these accidents are preventable. Always apply good judgment and
common sense when using these scaffolds. Check these common sense items
before you use that scissors lift.
Serious Scissors Lift Hazards
• Operating on rough ground, holes, improper set-up, overturn.
• Operating too close to energized overhead lines or parts.
• Overloading the lift.
• Climbing on the rails; falling from the platform.
• Using the lift as a crane
General Guidelines for Using Scissors Lift
• Train workers adequately before they use the scissors lift.
• Ensure that workers understand all the unique characteristics of a
scissors lift.
• Use lifts only under proper supervision.
• Before each use, inspect the scissors lift to be sure it is serviceable.
• Check to be sure that the lift is free of defective or damaged parts.
• Be sure that people have and use the access points to the lift.
• Be sure that the platform and working surfaces are free of debris, ice,
mud, etc.
• Be sure that the operating area is level, with no holes or depressions.
• Make sure that the guardrails, midrails, and toeboards are installed and
the entry gates are latched.
• Ensure that workers are tied off to the lift with a full body harness.
Before you use that scissors lift, take the time to think it out. Use good
judgment and common sense. Do not become a statistic simply because you
did not think!

Falls

Falls from construction equipment cause serious injuries to operators and
service people. The larger the equipment, the greater the fall distance, and the
more severe the injuries.
Many falls occur because of poor house-keeping. Oil, mud, and grease accumulate
on the equipment. Also, in cold weather, frost, ice and snow can build
up on the equipment to create slippery surfaces.
Steps, ladders, and grab bars are installed on most new equipment. They are
to be used for mounting or for dismounting the equipment, and are there for
your safety.
Checking the engine and other servicing locations can be difficult. The job
can be done more quickly and more safely using a stepladder. Take the time
to locate and use a safe stepladder.
Points to remember:
• When climbing on the equipment, use the hand and step holds.
• Avoid doing the “split” to make long reaches.
• Avoid carrying packages or tools when mounting or dismounting.
• Wear appropriate footwear.
• Never jump from the equipment.
• Report any damaged handholds or footholds so they can be repaired.
• Advise the master mechanic if the machine needs additional rails or steps.
• Keep your machine free of leaks; clean off mud, ice, snow, grease and oil
that can make surfaces slippery.
We want you to be safe on the job. Please do your part to protect yourself!!
For more information, contact your local Hartford agent or your Hartford
Loss Control Consultant. Visit The Hartford’s Loss Control web site at
http://www.thehartford.com/corporate/losscontrol/

Heater

The LPG gas portable type heater is a common temporary heating device used
in construction. They are versatile and can be used to provide a temporary
controllable heat source. Improperly used, however, they can cause accidents.
The most common accidents involving portable heaters are fires that are
caused because the heater was placed near combustibles, or was used in the
presence of solvents and/or paints.
Since this unit consumes air/fuel, it
can, if used improperly cause injuries
from oxygen deficiency and carbon
monoxide poisoning. Improper placement
of the heater near walkways or
work areas can result in burns from
accidental contact.
Follow these helpful hints to use LPG gas portable heaters safely:
• Follow manufacturers’ recommendations for horizontal distance to
combustibles.
• Maintain at least 6 feet of vertical clearance from overhead combustibles.
• Watch out for hot surfaces. Do not touch the metal parts during operation.
• Follow instructions when lighting and shutting down. Do not take shortcuts.
• After lighting, check for correct operation; if the unit malfunctions, shut
it down immediately.
• While the unit is in use, check it periodically to make sure it is operating
correctly.
• Use of the unit in a confined space can result in oxygen deficiency.
Ensure ample fresh air.
• When fueling or changing LP tanks, always check for leaks.
• If the area around the tank or heater smells of burnt cabbage, check for
gas leaks.
• LP gas is heavier than air (vapor density = 1.56 @ 0°C). Leaks settle in
low areas.
• LP gas cylinders not in use must be stored outside the building in a
secure area.
• Always follow manufacturers’ instructions and warnings.
Temporary heaters are valuable tools in cold climates in that they enable
construction to progress even during cold weather. However, careless or
thoughtless use can make them deadly.

Hammer

The hammer is one of the most common tools used in construction.
Although it’s a low-tech tool, it is a common cause of injuries. According to
the National Safety Consumer Board, more than 50,000 Americans will visit
emergency rooms this year after painful encounters with common hammers.
A number of construction workers will be in this group.
Eye injuries are one of the most common types of injuries caused by
improper use of hammers. And anybody who has clobbered his thumb with
a hammer on a cold day can verify the pain that this simple tool can cause!
Here are some good sense tips for safe use of the common hammer:
• Wear safety glasses to protect the only pair of eyes you will ever have.
• Use a claw hammer for driving nails.
• Use a ball peen hammer for driving a chisel or punch. A ball peen hammer
is hardened so it won’t break on impact.
• Make sure the hammer’s handle is safe; check to be sure it is not loose or
damaged.
• Make sure the area around you is clear; you don’t want to bop the person
standing behind you.
Tools are essential to your trade. Treat them right and they will treat you right
For more information, contact your local Hartford agent or your Hartford
Loss Control Consultant. Visit The Hartford’s Loss Control web site at
http://www.thehartford.com/corporate/losscontrol/

Earth Moving Equipment

Operators of heavy earth-moving equipment must be well trained and must
know the hazards associated with heavy equipment operations. Observe these
common precautions:
Driving and Operating
• Before starting any equipment, be certain that it has been inspected and
serviced according to the regular schedule.
• Before hooking up equipment, make sure any attachments are lowered,
the shift lever is in neutral, and the brakes are set.
• Make sure everyone is clear before moving or backing up.
• Never leave a machine on an incline with the engine running; vibration
may put the machine into motion.
• Never allow anyone to ride on the equipment.
• When operating equipment on an active road, display flashing lights and
a slow vehicle triangle.
• Never coast down a hill.
• When working near trees, watch for dead branches (“widowmakers”)
above the equipment.
• Use great care when working near the edges of cuts or fills.
• Require roll over protective structures (ROPs) on all mobile equipment.
Be sure equipment is free of damage and in good working order.
• Always wear your seatbelt.
Maintenance and Repair
• Shut off engines during refueling.
• Shut off equipment before making repairs.
• When equipment is under repair, place a sign “Under Repair” in the seat,
remove the start key, and/or lock out the controls.
Parking and Security
• Always lower attachments and set the parking brake before dismounting
the equipment.
• Always set the brake, lower the equipment, and place the shift lever in
neutral at the end of each work shift.
• Secure the equipment when finished for the day. Make sure it is clear of
traffic. If it is not clear, mark it with flares or red lights. Lock it up.

Cold Weather

With the onset of cold weather, workers must take the necessary precautions
to prevent and treat cold-related injuries. Employees that commonly work
outdoors, such as construction, agricultural, maritime, or utility workers, are
among the most vulnerable for cold-related injuries. Prolonged exposure to
freezing or cold temperatures may cause serious injuries such as trench foot,
frostbite, and hypothermia. In extreme cases, including cold water immersion,
exposure can lead to death. It is important for all employees to understand the
warning signs of cold-related injuries and the means to prevent injury.
Under cold conditions, blood vessels in the skin, arms, and legs constrict,
decreasing blood flow to extremities. This minimizes cooling of the blood
and keeps critical internal organs warm. At prolonged and/or very low temperatures,
reducing blood flow to the extremities can result in lower skin
temperature. When the body is unable to warm itself, serious cold-related
injuries may occur.
Cold is a physical hazard that is a common exposure for many workers and
cold-related injuries are almost always preventable if the appropriate precautions
are taken. Injuries that occur from cold can range from uncomfortable
to life threatening. Know what can happen.
INJURY SEVERITY DESCRIPTION
Chilblain Painful injury Skin becomes tender, red, swollen
Trench foot Serious injury Extremities becomes numb, with swelling,
tingling, itching; may lead to loss of skin
or skin ulcers; amputation potential
Frostbite Serious injury Deep layers of skin freeze, causing sharp,
prickly sensation, often with skin
discoloration; severe cases include skin
peeling and/or loss of a body part
Hypothermia Life threatening Body core drops below 95ºF, can lead to
irregular pulse, unconsciousness, and death
Hypothermia Symptoms
• Numbness, stiffness, drowsiness, poor coordination
• Slow or irregular breathing and heart rate
• Slurred speech
• Cool skin, puffiness in the face
• Shivering with teeth chattering
• Victim feels cold and has pain in extremities
• May lead to confusion, disorientation, memory loss
• If not treated immediately, can cause deathHypothermia can occur when air temperatures are above
freezing, especially if brisk winds are present and/or clothing
has become damp from work or adverse weather.
Workers are at higher risk from cold exposure if they are
not acclimatized to the cold, are not physically fit, have a
chronic illness that affects the heart or blood vessels (i.e.
heart disease, asthma, bronchitis, diabetes), are fatigued,
and/or do not wear the appropriate clothing.
A Healthy Body Is Less Susceptible
• Use moisturizing lotions, lip balm
• Stay in peak physical shape
• Stay active to produce more heat
• Eat warm, high-calorie foods such as hot pasta and soups
• Drink warm, sweet beverages (i.e. hot chocolate or sports
drinks); the sugar helps the body generate additional heat
• Avoid dehydration, drink plenty of water
• Avoid alcohol, caffeine, tobacco
• Keep extremities dry
Dress Properly
Proper dress will keep you warm and dry. Wet clothes
increase heat loss. The best clothing has good ventilation so
moisture can escape.
• Dress in layers
• Wear a liner in your hardhat
• Keep clothes dry
• Wear water resistant boots
• Wear synthetic fabrics such as polypropylene next
to the skin
• Wear outer windproof layer
• Avoid tight-fitting footwear
• Wear mittens with liners if possible
• Change socks frequently
Get Out Of The Cold
• Allow rest and warm-up breaks
• Use warming devices, if available
• Try to schedule work for the warmest part of the day
• Work in pairs (buddy system) to help workers recognize
danger signs
• Work in a shelter, when possible
• Work with your back to the wind
Training
Before being assigned to work in extreme cold, workers
should be trained in the following:
• Signs and symptoms of cold-related injuries
• Appropriate first aid treatment and re-warming procedures
• Proper clothing and equipment
• Safe work practices
• Guidelines for breaks, eating, and drinking
• Risk factors that increase the health effects of cold exposure
If you maintain good physical heath, eat and drink properly,
wear appropriate clothing, and minimize time spent in the
cold, you are more likely to stay safe and avoid injury.
For more information, contact your local Hartford
agent or your Hartford Loss Control Consultant.
Visit The Hartford’s Loss Control web site at
http://www.thehartford.com/corporate/losscontrol/

Chipping Concrete

Concrete chipping operations are sometimes necessary to remove small
amounts of masonry. Compact pneumatic chipping hammers are often used
to do the job. These compact battering rams pack a lot of punch, but they can
be dangerous if they are not used properly. Here are some common-sense
tips provided by tool manufacturers.
Dress Appropriately to Protect Yourself
• Always wear impact-resistant eye protection; everyone in the area should
wear eye protection.
• Depending on the situation, wear a facemask or respirator.
• Wear a hardhat, especially if there is a risk from overhead falling objects.
• Wear adequate clothing that fits properly.
• Wear proper hearing protection.
• Wear gloves to protect your hands.
Inspect Tool Condition Before Use
• Check the tool for tightness and wear.
• Check the tool and retainer for wear.
• Inspect hose connections for cracks, worn threads, and loose couplings.
• Use a short safety chain over the air-to-tool connection.
Beware Of Air Under Pressure
• Never engage in horseplay with compressed air – it’s dangerous!
• Always disconnect the tool when it is not in use or when you are
changing accessories.
• Never exceed the tool’s designated operating pressure.
Proceed With Caution
• Always keep both hands on the tool.
• Watch for excess lengths of the air hose, which can cause you to trip.
• Never operate the tool without the chisel against the work surface.
• Discontinue use if numbness, tingling, pain, or whiteness of the skin
occurs.
Always follow any special manufacturer instructions, and always use good
common sense.

Chain Saw

Before Starting the Saw
• Check controls, chain tension, all bolts and handles to ensure that they
are functioning properly and are adjusted according to the manufacturer’s
instructions.
• Fuel the saw at least 20 feet from sources of ignition.
• Start the saw at least 10 feet from fueling area, with the chain brake
engaged, and with the chain saw on the ground or firmly supported.
• Check the fuel container for the following requirements:
– Must be metal or plastic
– Must not exceed a 3-gallon capacity
– Must be approved by the Underwriters Laboratories or the Department
of Transportation (DOT).
While Running the Saw
• Keep your hands on the handles, and maintain secure footing.
• Clear the area of obstacles that might interfere with cutting the tree or
using the retreat path.
• Do not cut directly overhead.
• Shut off the saw or release the throttle prior to retreating.
• Shut off or engage the chain brake whenever the saw is carried more than
50 feet, or on hazardous terrain.
For more information, contact your local Hartford agent or your Hartford
Loss Control Consultant. Visit The Hartford’s Loss Control web site at
http://www.thehartford.com/corporate/losscontrol/

Backing heavy Equipment

Many construction equipment operations require the use of bi-directional
equipment that can be driven both forward and backward. Backing up
heavy equipment presents a serious risk. Vehicles such as dump trucks,
bulldozers, front-end loaders, and concrete trucks have large blind spots
during backing. When backing is absolutely necessary, certain precautions
should always be observed.
• Walk around the equipment before starting work. Be familiar with
the area.
• Keep non-essential equipment and people out of the area.
• Make sure that the vehicle’s mirrors are properly adjusted.
• Ensure that all windshields are kept clean.
• Be sure that back-up alarms, which are mandatory on all bi-directional
equipment, are functional.
• Back-up alarms must be audible above the ambient noise levels.
• Always keep the spotter in full view during dumping operations.
• Always be familiar with the limitations of the equipment.
The idea is to be sure that everyone watches out for his or her own safety
because problems develop when operators forget. The equipment operator
has the responsibility of operating these vehicles safely.
The professional equipment operator should never assume that the path is
clear unless it can be seen or unless a guide can verify that it is clear.
For more information, contact your local Hartford agent or your Hartford
Loss Control Consultant. Visit The Hartford’s Loss Control web site at
http://www.thehartford.com/corporate/losscontrol/